Chapter 16: Acids and Bases
Three Different Classifications of Acids and Bases
1. Arrhenius
-acid: any compound that increases H+ (H3O+) concentration
-base: any compound that increases (OH-) concentration
2. Bronsted-Lowry
-a more developed idea of Arrhenius acid and base concept
-acid: proton donor (H+)
-base: proton acceptor
3. Lewis
-acid: electron pair acceptor
-base: electron pair donor
website:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Acid
This website provides more information on learning the different classifications of acids and bases.
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd7XJVifECU
This video gives a better explanation on the different classifications of acids and bases.
Differences Between Strong and Weak Acids/Bases
-strong acid/base: will completely ionize (completely break into ions)
-weak acid/base: will partially ionize (somewhat break into ions)
-strong base: any elements from IA and IIA that forms a compound with hydroxide (OH-)
ex: LiOH
ex: Ca(OH)2
-strong acids:
HCl - hydrochloric acid
HBr
HI
H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
HNO3 - nitric acid
HCLO4 - perchloric acid
weak acids:
Acetic Acid-- CH3 COOH
Hydrofluoric Acid-- HF
Hydrocyanic Acid-- HCN
Formic Acid-- HCOOH
website:
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/wkacids.html
This website provides more information on learning what the difference is between strong and weak acids and bases.
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss-Zpp_eKuM
This video provides a deeper understanding of the differences between strong and weak acids and bases.
Amphoteric Substances and Ionization of Water
-ionization of water involves the transfer of a proton from one molecule to another to produce an OH- and H3O+
-in pure water only a small amount of OH- and H3O+ will be produced at 25 degrees Celsius
-An amphoteric substance is an oxide of an element that can act as both an acid or a base
website:
amphoteric substances:
http://www.chemistryhelp.net/basic-chemistry/amphoteric-substances
ionization of water:
http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch105-05/self-ion.htm
These website provide a more detailed description of amphoteric substances and ionization of water
Differences Between Neutral, Acidic, and Basic
-neutral: neutral solutions have pH values of 7.0
-acidic: any solution having a pH less than 7.0
-basic: any solution having a pH greater than 7.0
website:
http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Water_Quality/module_4/lesson5.htm
This website provides more information on the difference between neutral, acidic and basic
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90bTALjFDYU
This video gives a better explanation on learning the differences between neutral, acidic and basic
Neutralization Reaction
-when acids react with bases to form salts and water it is called a neutralization reaction
website:
http://www.chem.memphis.edu/bridson/FundChem/T16a1100.htm
This website provides more information on learning about a neutralization reaction
Calculation of pH and pOH
-pH: pH = - log [H3O+]
-pOH: pOH = - log [OH-]
website:
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/Equilibrium/Calculating_pHandpOH.htm
This website gives help and a further understanding on calculating pH and pOH
calculation:
-pH: What is the pH of a solution if [H+] is 3.4 x 10^-5 M?
- pH = -log[H+]
- pH = -log[3.4x10^-5]
- pH = 5
-pOH: If a solution has a [OH-] of 1.0 x 10^-2 M, calculate the pOH
-pOH = -log[OH-]
- pOH = -log[1.0x10^-2]
- pOH = 12
activity:
http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/phdrillcsn7.html
This activity gives more practice on calculating pH and pOH
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoM1nzYFy8k
This video gives more detail about learning how to calculate pH and pOH
Converting Between pH and pOH
-pH + pOH = 14
website:
http://www1.dce.k12.wi.us/srhigh/teachers/bheeren/relationship_between_ph_and_poh.htm
This website provides more detail in the relationship between and how to convert between pH and pOH
calculation:
-What is the pH of a solution with [OH-] = 0.01M?
-1. Find the pOH
-pOH = -log[OH-]
-pOH = -log[OH-]
-pOH = 2
-2. subtract from 14 to find pH
- pH + pOH = 14
- pH + 2 = 14
- pH = 14 -2
- pH = 7
activity:
https://docs.google.com/a/saa-sds.org/document/d/1MB4gNJwsotmXkVh7Ah7QS-h_7h93XhyjC6yZrYnQEuk/edit
This activity provides more practice for learning how to convert between pH and pOH
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LS67vS10O5Y
This video provides examples and further explanations on learning to convert between pH and pOH
Convert Between [OH] and [H+]
-[H+] is the concentration of postive ions when you break up a strong acid
-[OH-] is the concentration of negative ions you get when you break up a strong base
-When you add up the concentration of both ions, it should equal 14
website:
http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch105-05/calculat.htm
This website provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between OH and H+
activity:
http://www.sciencegeek.net/APchemistry/APtaters/pHcalculations.htm
This activity gives examples and more practice on converting between [OH] and [H+]
calculation:
-given that [H3O] = 4.5x10^-5 M, calculate [OH-]
-[H3O] * [OH-] = KW
- [OH-] = KW/[H3O]
- [OH-] = (1.0X10^-14) / (4.5 X 10^-5)
- [OH-] = 2.2 X10 ^-10 M
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghIYaqo0Ycc
This video gives more explanations and examples on the conversion between [OH] and [H+]
Solving Log Problems
-multiplication-short cut for addition
-exponential-short cut for multiplication
-logarithmic-short cut for exponential
website:
http://web.mst.edu/~gbert/logs/logarithm.html
This website provides a further explanation on solving log problems in chemistry
calculation:
- Log232=y
- 2^y=32
y=5
activity:
http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-log.html (go to bottom of page)
This activity provides more practice on solving log problems.
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zevB6gtuL4
This video shows more examples of learning log problems in chemistry
Naming of Acids
acid- molecule with one or more H+ ions attached to an anion
-without oxygen on anion
-prefix- hydro
-suffix- anion with ic at end
with oxygen on anion
anion ends in ite - change ending to ousanion ends in ate - change ending to ic
website:
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/naming/acids.htm
This website provides a deeper explanation for naming acids
calculation:
- HCl- hydrogen + chlorine = hydrochloric acid
- H2SO4 - anion is sulfate = sulfuric acid
activity:
http://quizlet.com/2097806/naming-acids-and-bases-cp-flash-cards/
This activity offers more practice of naming acids and bases
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5nC2evhUa0
This video shows examples and more information on learning how to name acids
Three Different Classifications of Acids and Bases
1. Arrhenius
-acid: any compound that increases H+ (H3O+) concentration
-base: any compound that increases (OH-) concentration
2. Bronsted-Lowry
-a more developed idea of Arrhenius acid and base concept
-acid: proton donor (H+)
-base: proton acceptor
3. Lewis
-acid: electron pair acceptor
-base: electron pair donor
website:
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Acid
This website provides more information on learning the different classifications of acids and bases.
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd7XJVifECU
This video gives a better explanation on the different classifications of acids and bases.
Differences Between Strong and Weak Acids/Bases
-strong acid/base: will completely ionize (completely break into ions)
-weak acid/base: will partially ionize (somewhat break into ions)
-strong base: any elements from IA and IIA that forms a compound with hydroxide (OH-)
ex: LiOH
ex: Ca(OH)2
-strong acids:
HCl - hydrochloric acid
HBr
HI
H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
HNO3 - nitric acid
HCLO4 - perchloric acid
weak acids:
Acetic Acid-- CH3 COOH
Hydrofluoric Acid-- HF
Hydrocyanic Acid-- HCN
Formic Acid-- HCOOH
website:
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/wkacids.html
This website provides more information on learning what the difference is between strong and weak acids and bases.
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss-Zpp_eKuM
This video provides a deeper understanding of the differences between strong and weak acids and bases.
Amphoteric Substances and Ionization of Water
-ionization of water involves the transfer of a proton from one molecule to another to produce an OH- and H3O+
-in pure water only a small amount of OH- and H3O+ will be produced at 25 degrees Celsius
-An amphoteric substance is an oxide of an element that can act as both an acid or a base
website:
amphoteric substances:
http://www.chemistryhelp.net/basic-chemistry/amphoteric-substances
ionization of water:
http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch105-05/self-ion.htm
These website provide a more detailed description of amphoteric substances and ionization of water
Differences Between Neutral, Acidic, and Basic
-neutral: neutral solutions have pH values of 7.0
-acidic: any solution having a pH less than 7.0
-basic: any solution having a pH greater than 7.0
website:
http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Water_Quality/module_4/lesson5.htm
This website provides more information on the difference between neutral, acidic and basic
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90bTALjFDYU
This video gives a better explanation on learning the differences between neutral, acidic and basic
Neutralization Reaction
-when acids react with bases to form salts and water it is called a neutralization reaction
website:
http://www.chem.memphis.edu/bridson/FundChem/T16a1100.htm
This website provides more information on learning about a neutralization reaction
Calculation of pH and pOH
-pH: pH = - log [H3O+]
-pOH: pOH = - log [OH-]
website:
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/Equilibrium/Calculating_pHandpOH.htm
This website gives help and a further understanding on calculating pH and pOH
calculation:
-pH: What is the pH of a solution if [H+] is 3.4 x 10^-5 M?
- pH = -log[H+]
- pH = -log[3.4x10^-5]
- pH = 5
-pOH: If a solution has a [OH-] of 1.0 x 10^-2 M, calculate the pOH
-pOH = -log[OH-]
- pOH = -log[1.0x10^-2]
- pOH = 12
activity:
http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/phdrillcsn7.html
This activity gives more practice on calculating pH and pOH
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoM1nzYFy8k
This video gives more detail about learning how to calculate pH and pOH
Converting Between pH and pOH
-pH + pOH = 14
website:
http://www1.dce.k12.wi.us/srhigh/teachers/bheeren/relationship_between_ph_and_poh.htm
This website provides more detail in the relationship between and how to convert between pH and pOH
calculation:
-What is the pH of a solution with [OH-] = 0.01M?
-1. Find the pOH
-pOH = -log[OH-]
-pOH = -log[OH-]
-pOH = 2
-2. subtract from 14 to find pH
- pH + pOH = 14
- pH + 2 = 14
- pH = 14 -2
- pH = 7
activity:
https://docs.google.com/a/saa-sds.org/document/d/1MB4gNJwsotmXkVh7Ah7QS-h_7h93XhyjC6yZrYnQEuk/edit
This activity provides more practice for learning how to convert between pH and pOH
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LS67vS10O5Y
This video provides examples and further explanations on learning to convert between pH and pOH
Convert Between [OH] and [H+]
-[H+] is the concentration of postive ions when you break up a strong acid
-[OH-] is the concentration of negative ions you get when you break up a strong base
-When you add up the concentration of both ions, it should equal 14
website:
http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch105-05/calculat.htm
This website provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between OH and H+
activity:
http://www.sciencegeek.net/APchemistry/APtaters/pHcalculations.htm
This activity gives examples and more practice on converting between [OH] and [H+]
calculation:
-given that [H3O] = 4.5x10^-5 M, calculate [OH-]
-[H3O] * [OH-] = KW
- [OH-] = KW/[H3O]
- [OH-] = (1.0X10^-14) / (4.5 X 10^-5)
- [OH-] = 2.2 X10 ^-10 M
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghIYaqo0Ycc
This video gives more explanations and examples on the conversion between [OH] and [H+]
Solving Log Problems
-multiplication-short cut for addition
-exponential-short cut for multiplication
-logarithmic-short cut for exponential
website:
http://web.mst.edu/~gbert/logs/logarithm.html
This website provides a further explanation on solving log problems in chemistry
calculation:
- Log232=y
- 2^y=32
y=5
activity:
http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-log.html (go to bottom of page)
This activity provides more practice on solving log problems.
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zevB6gtuL4
This video shows more examples of learning log problems in chemistry
Naming of Acids
acid- molecule with one or more H+ ions attached to an anion
-without oxygen on anion
-prefix- hydro
-suffix- anion with ic at end
with oxygen on anion
anion ends in ite - change ending to ousanion ends in ate - change ending to ic
website:
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/naming/acids.htm
This website provides a deeper explanation for naming acids
calculation:
- HCl- hydrogen + chlorine = hydrochloric acid
- H2SO4 - anion is sulfate = sulfuric acid
activity:
http://quizlet.com/2097806/naming-acids-and-bases-cp-flash-cards/
This activity offers more practice of naming acids and bases
video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5nC2evhUa0
This video shows examples and more information on learning how to name acids